In this paper, a new method for measuring the elastic modulus of solid materials is proposed, in order to improve the measuring accuracy and simplify the measuring process. First, the first resonant frequency of the sample is measured by piezoelectric excitation and detection. Second, the sample is simulated through the finite element simulation software ANSYS. Finally, the sample material′selastic modulus is calculated according to the measured first resonance frequency of the sample and the simulation results. Samples of titanium alloy, aluminum alloy and stainless steel materials are tested and analyzed. The measurement results are accurate and reliable. In addition, the titanium alloy samples from the same batch with the same diameter but different lengths are measured, with an error of less than 0.3%. The errors caused by the numerical fitting of the resonance frequency in the traditional dynamic resonance method are eliminated using the method of piezoelectric excitation and detection. The tested samples are simulated in various shapes via ANSYS simulation. Thus, the measuring accuracy is significantly improved, and the measuring method is greatly simplified.