A novel method combining failure modes, mechanisms, and effects analysis (FMMEA) is presented, because traditional failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) methods cannot identify failure mechanisms and are weak at analyzing failure causes, identifying potential failure modes, and reasoning failure effects. First, a function-structure-failure model is created in accordance with the system structure, function, internal material flow, energy flow, signal flow and failure information. Then, the failure mode propagated tables are obtained using fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) theory. A standard and regular FMMEA table is obtained as a good base for further system reliability and testability design and analysis. Finally, a fuel distribution system (FDS) is analyzed to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.