In order to study the property of interlayer rotary slippage in axial vibration, a pre-tightened cushion layered cylindrical structure was designed and constructed. The compression characteristics of silicon foam cushion material were measured, the dynamic model of the structure was constructed considering the cushion′s nonlinear mechanical characteristics, and the experimental modal analysis of the structure was investigated based on different pre-tightened loads. Then, in order to study the property of interlayer rotation, experiments of the structure in axial vibration were carried out, the slip phenomena between the layers were obtained, and the influence of the pre-tightened load and vibration magnitude were studied. Finally, through the results of the random vibration test, the boundary of the pre-tightened load and the vibration magnitude with interlayer rotation were obtained. These results will provide guidance for practical designs.