In order to study the applicability and difference of elastomeric bearing and spherical bearing in heavy-haul railway bridge， three bridges of a heavy-haul railway are taked as the research object The effects of vibration， impact and deformation of key components of railway bridge are studied comparatively. The results show that the elastomeric bearing has great elasticity and shear resistance， while the spherical bearing has the characteristics of greater stiffness， rotational performance， durability and significantly reduced transverse and vertical displacement. Compared with the elastomeric bearing， the spherical bearing application causes more impact on the bearing and bridge structure， which leads to the increase of the response frequency of the support， the span deflection and the damping ratio of the bridge. The spherical pedestal also results in significant reduction of transverse dynamic response of bridge， and has little influence on pier vibration， vertical vibration and self-vibration performance of bridge. The spherical bearing provides better stability and reliability for the bridge structure than the plate rubber bearing does.